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<title>People-first language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">People-first language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first-person language</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Curb_cut_effect" title="Curb cut effect">Curb cut effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism / Disablism</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li>

<li><a href="Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Other models</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">Individualized Education Program (IEP)</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_education#Special_schools" title="Special education">Special school</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li>

<li><a href="Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li></ul>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Therapy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech</a></li></ul>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Societal implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Normalization_(people_with_disabilities)" class="mw-redirect" title="Normalization (people with disabilities)">Normalization</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_disability-related_terms_with_negative_connotations" title="List of disability-related terms with negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_and_women's_health" title="Disability and women's health">Women's health</a></li></ul>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Personal assistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Unlicensed assistive personnel</a> (<a href="Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">ADLs</a>)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li>

<li><a href="Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive design</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li>

<li><a href="Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Socioeconomic assistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">Social Security Disability Insurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a></li>

<li><a href="Ticket_to_Work" title="Ticket to Work">Ticket to Work</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_pension" title="Disability pension">Disability pension</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">Disability Living Allowance</a></li>

<li><a href="Disabled_Students'_Allowance" title="Disabled Students' Allowance">Disabled Students' Allowance</a></li>

<li><a href="Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Disabled Persons Railcard</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_Pass" title="Freedom Pass">Freedom Pass</a></li>

<li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Assured_Income_for_the_Severely_Handicapped" title="Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped">Assured Income for<br>the Severely Handicapped</a></div></li>

<li><a href="Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">Ontario Disability Support Program</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Groups</li><li>Organizations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="National_Telecommuting_Institute" title="National Telecommuting Institute">National Telecommuting Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Society_for_Disability_Studies" title="Society for Disability Studies">Society for Disability Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Disabled_Peoples'_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)</a></li>

<li><a href="Visitability" title="Visitability">Visitability</a></li>

<li><a href="WeThe15" title="WeThe15">WeThe15</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li>

<li><a href="Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li>

<li><a href="Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li>

<li><a href="Invictus_Games" title="Invictus Games">Invictus Games</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li>

<li><a href="Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #bbf;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;">

<ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Disability</li><li>Lists</li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>People-first language</b> (<b>PFL</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>person-first language</b>, is a type of <a href="Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">linguistic prescription</a> which puts a person before a <a href="Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a>, describing what condition a person "has" rather than asserting what a person "is". It is intended to avoid <a href="Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalization</a> or <a href="Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanization</a> (either <a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciously</a> or <a href="Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconsciously</a>) when discussing people with a <a href="Chronic_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic illness">chronic illness</a> or <a href="Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>. It can be seen as a type of <a href="Disability_etiquette" title="Disability etiquette">disability etiquette</a> but person-first language can also be more generally applied to any group that would otherwise be defined or mentally categorized by a condition or trait (for example, <a href="Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, age, or <a href="Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">appearance</a>).

</p><p>In contrast to identity-first language, person-first language avoids using <a href="Labeling_theory" title="Labeling theory">labels</a> or <a href="Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a> to define someone, using terms such as "a person with <a href="Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>" instead of "a diabetic" or "a person with <a href="Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>" instead of "an alcoholic". The intention is that a person is seen foremost as a person and only secondly as a person with some trait, which does not <i>inevitably</i> define their essence; it avoids <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/essentialize#Verb" class="extiw external" title="wikt:essentialize">essentializing</a> the condition as their prime identity as a human being. Advocates of person-first language point to the failure to mentally separate the person from the trait as reinforcing a sense that both the trait and the person are inherently bad or inferior, leading to <a href="Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> whilst also implicitly reinforcing a sense of permanency even regarding issues that are likely to be temporary. For example, a person with a <a href="Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a> has a fair chance of achieving long-term <a href="Cure#remission" title="Cure">remission</a>—many years in which they are healthy and productive—but calling them a "substance abuser" reinforces an unspoken sense that they are inherently and permanently tainted, and casts doubt on maintenance of remission.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>People-first language is a type of <a href="Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">linguistic prescription</a>. It aims to avoid perceived and subconscious <a href="Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">dehumanization</a> when discussing people with <a href="Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a> and is sometimes referred to (for example, by <a href="NHS_England" title="NHS England">NHS England</a>'s style guide) as a type of <a href="Disability_etiquette" title="Disability etiquette">disability etiquette</a>. People-first language can also be applied to any group that is defined by a condition rather than as a people: for example, "those that are homeless" rather than "the homeless."

</p><p>Rather than using labels to define individuals with a health issue, people-first language uses terminology that describes individuals as being diagnosed with an illness or disorder. People-first language puts the person before the diagnosis and describes what the person has, not what the person is.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn,_2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn,_2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The basic idea is to use a sentence structure that names the person first and the condition second, for example, "people with disabilities" rather than "disabled people" or "disabled," to emphasize that they are people first. Because it is a common practice in English to place an adjective before a noun, the adjective might be replaced with a relative clause, e.g., from "an asthmatic person" to "a person who has asthma."

</p><p>By using such a sentence structure, the speaker articulates the idea of a disability as a secondary attribute, not a characteristic of a person's identity. (See also: <i><a href="Distancing_(psychology)" title="Distancing (psychology)">Distancing (psychology)</a></i>.)

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Recommendations and explanations to use person-first language date back as early as around 1960. In her classic textbook,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beatrice Wright (1960)[3a] began her rationale for avoiding the dangers of terminological short cuts like "disabled person" by citing studies from the field of semantics that "show that language is not merely an instrument for voicing ideas but that it also plays a role in <i>shaping</i> ideas" (p. 7). She concludes her arguments thus: "Since physique does stimulate value judgments, it is particularly important to use expressions insofar as feasible that separate physical attributes from the total person" (p. 8). Another influential rehabilitation psychologist, Carolyn Vash, who also spoke from the perspective of her experience living with quadriplegia from polio, advanced similar arguments for person-first language in an unpublished address in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-business-week_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business-week-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/people-first_language" class="extiw external" title="wikt:people-first language">people-first language</a></i> first appeared in 1988 as recommended by <a href="Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy groups</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-business-week_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business-week-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage has been widely adopted by <a href="Speech-language_pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-language pathologist">speech-language pathologists</a> and researchers, with "person who stutters" (PWS) replacing "stutterer".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used in <a href="AIDS_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS activism">AIDS activism</a>, appearing in the <a href="Denver_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver Principles">Denver Principles</a> (1983), which stated in part, "We condemn attempts to label us as 'victims', a term which implies defeat, and we are only occasionally 'patients', a term which implies passivity, helplessness, and dependence upon the care of others. We are 'People With AIDS'."

</p><p>Use has been recommended in other increasingly common chronic conditions, such as asthma and diabetes. Non-profit organizations, such as the Obesity Action Coalition have expanded advocacy for People-First Language to <a href="Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>. As of 2017, 5 U.S. medical societies had pledged for it, and use it in their communications: the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The Obesity Society, American Society of Bariatric Physicians, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Linguistic_prescriptivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic prescriptivism">Linguistic prescriptivism</a> and <a href="Language_and_thought" title="Language and thought">Language and thought</a></div>

<p>In people-first language, preconceptions judged to be negative are thought to arise from placing the name of the condition before the term "person" or "people", such as "white person" or "Jewish people". Proponents of people-first language argue that this places an undue focus on the condition, which distracts from the humanity of the members of the community of people with the condition.

</p><p>A 2008 experiment researched teenagers' perception of <a href="Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> with respect to people-first language. Teenagers from a summer camp were divided into two groups. One group was asked questions using the term "people with epilepsy", and the other group was asked using the term "epileptics", with questions including "Do you think that people with epilepsy/epileptics have more difficulties at school?" and "Do you have prejudice toward people with epilepsy/epileptics?" The study showed that the teenagers had higher "stigma perception" on the Stigma Scale of Epilepsy when hearing the phrase "epileptics" as opposed to "people with epilepsy".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_guidelines">Usage guidelines</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>Some U.S. organizations like the United Spinal Association have published <a href="Disability_etiquette" title="Disability etiquette">disability etiquette</a> guides, which prescribe people-first language.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2007 <i><a href="For_Dummies" title="For Dummies">For Dummies</a></i> guide to <a href="Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a> prescribed people-first language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As of 2017, the rules of people-first language have become normative in US governmental institutions on the federal (e.g. CDC)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on state levels in the health departments' Developmental Disabilities Councils e.g. Michigan<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Idaho,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missouri<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As of 2007, it has been a requirement in <a href="AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA Manual of Style</a> for <a href="Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a> says that both people-first and <a href="Identity-first_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity-first language">identity-first language</a> are acceptable, but stresses using the preferred style of the group or individuals involved (if they have one).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<p><a href="NHS_England" title="NHS England">NHS England</a>’s style guide calls for <a href="Identity-first_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity-first language">identity-first language</a> in <i>one</i> instance (using “disabled people” rather than “people with a disability"), but remains ambivalent between people-first and identity-first languages in other examples (such as recommending “People with a learning disability or autistic people”.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">UK government</a> recommends people-first terminology such as “people with health conditions or impairments”, but consents to the terms “disabled people”, “deaf”, and “blind” to reflect general acceptance by the relevant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">NHS Scotland</a> also encourages “the use of ‘people first’ language; language that focuses first on the person, not the behaviour (e.g. people who use drugs).”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity-first_language">Identity-first language</h2></div>

<p>The most common alternative to person-first language is usually called identity-first language. For example, while someone who advocates for person-first language might refer to a client as a "person with autism", that same client may prefer identity-first language, and ask to be called an "autistic person". Others have proposed "person-centered language", which, instead of being a replacement linguistic rule, promotes prioritizing the preferences of those who are being referred to and argues for greater nuance in the language used to describe people and groups of people.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autism activist <a href="Jim_Sinclair_(activist)" title="Jim Sinclair (activist)">Jim Sinclair</a> rejects person-first language, on the grounds that saying "person with autism" suggests that autism can be separated from the person.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identity-first language is preferred by many autistic people and organizations run by them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some advocacy groups and organizations such as <a href="Autism_Speaks" title="Autism Speaks">Autism Speaks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Arc_of_the_United_States" title="Arc of the United States">The Arc</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Disability Is Natural<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support using people-first language. Others including the <a href="Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network" title="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">Autistic Self Advocacy Network</a> do not, saying:

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the autism community, many self-advocates and their allies prefer terminology such as "Autistic," "Autistic person," or "Autistic individual" because we understand autism as an inherent part of an individual’s identity...It is impossible to affirm the value and worth of an Autistic person without recognizing his or her identity as an Autistic person. Referring to me as "a person with autism," or "an individual with ASD" demeans who I am because it denies who I am...When we say "person with autism," we say that it is unfortunate and an accident that a person is Autistic. We affirm that the person has value and worth, and that autism is entirely separate from what gives him or her value and worth. In fact, we are saying that autism is detrimental to value and worth as a person, which is why we separate the condition with the word "with" or "has." Ultimately, what we are saying when we say "person with autism" is that the person would be better off if not Autistic, and that it would have been better if he or she had been born typical.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— <a href="Lydia_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydia Brown">Lydia Brown</a>, 2012</p></div><p>In 1993, the <a href="National_Federation_of_the_Blind" title="National Federation of the Blind">National Federation of the Blind</a> in the US adopted a resolution condemning people-first language. The resolution dismissed the notion that "the word 'person' must invariably precede the word 'blind' to emphasize the fact that a blind person is first and foremost a person" as "totally unacceptable and pernicious" and resulting in the exact opposite of its purported aim, since "it is overly defensive, implies shame instead of true equality, and portrays the blind as touchy and belligerent".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a>, person-first language has long been rejected. Instead, Deaf culture uses Deaf-first language since being culturally Deaf is a source of positive identity and pride.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correct terms to use for this group would be "Deaf person" or "hard of hearing person".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "hearing impaired" is not acceptable to most Deaf or hard of hearing people because it emphasizes what they cannot do.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Critics have objected that people-first language is awkward, repetitive and makes for tiresome writing and reading. C. Edwin Vaughan, a <a href="Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> and longtime activist for the blind, argues that since "in common usage positive pronouns usually precede nouns", "the awkwardness of the preferred language focuses on the disability in a new and potentially negative way". According to Vaughan, it only serves to "focus on disability in an ungainly new way" and "calls attention to a person as having some type of 'marred identity<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" in terms of <a href="Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>'s theory of identity.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">social model of disability</a>, a person "is" disabled by societal and environmental factors. However, most people with visual impairment are not blind. Likewise, most people with hearing impairment are not <a href="Profoundly_deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Profoundly deaf">profoundly deaf</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Head-directionality_parameter" title="Head-directionality parameter">Head-directionality parameter</a>, regarding the placement of <a href="Adjectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectives">adjectives</a> before or after <a href="Nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouns">nouns</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li>

<li><a href="Distancing_(psychology)" title="Distancing (psychology)">Psychological distancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery#Terminology" title="Slavery">Slavery Terminology</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/materials/factsheets/fs-communicating-with-people.html">"Communicating With and About People with Disabilities"</a>. <i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</i>. 29 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Lynn,_2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynn,_2017_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn, V. A. (2017). Language and HIV communication. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ), 9, 183."</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWright1960" class="citation book cs1">Wright, BA (1960). <i>Physical disability: A psychological approach</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-business-week-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-business-week_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-business-week_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGA1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22people-first+language%22">"Letter to the editor"</a>. <i><a href="BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="BusinessWeek">BusinessWeek</a></i> (<span class="nowrap">3059–</span>3062). 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>. <q>Supportive housing needs of elderly and disabled persons: hearing before the Subcommittee on Housing and Urban Affairs of the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, first session on S. 566 ... the <i>National Affordable Housing Act, June 2, 1989, Volumes 22–23</i>: "All references to 'handicapped individuals' in the Act must be changed to 'people with disabilities<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" – We join with many of our fellow advocacy organizations in emphasizing the importance of using 'people first' language throughout the Act.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFolkins1992" class="citation web cs1">Folkins, John (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150511071056/http://www.asha.org/publications/journals/submissions/person_first.htm">"Resource on Person-First Language"</a>. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asha.org/publications/journals/submissions/person_first.htm">the original</a> on May 11, 2015.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obesityaction.org/weight-bias-and-stigma/people-first-language-for-obesity">"Weight Bias - People-First Language"</a>. <i>Obesity Action Coalition</i>. April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFernandesDe_BarrosLi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandes, Paula T.; De Barros, Nelson F.; Li, Li M. (2009-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01899.x">"Stop saying epileptic"</a>. <i>Epilepsia</i>. <b>50</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1280–</span>1283. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1528-1167.2008.01899.x">10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01899.x</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1528-1167">1528-1167</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19054411">19054411</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8342766">8342766</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitedspinal.org/pdf/DisabilityEtiquette.pdf">"Disability Etiquette"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Spinal Association. 2011.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucp.org/media/tools-for-reporters">"Tools for Reporters: Disability Etiquette"</a>. United Cerebral Palsy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>La Forge, Jan. "Preferred language practice in professional rehabilitation journals". <i>The Journal of Rehabilitation</i> <b>57</b> (1): 49–51.</li>

<li>Lynn, V. A. (2017). Language and HIV communication. HIV/AIDS (Auckland, NZ), 9, 183.</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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